Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay Example for Free

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay A phobia is a learned bodily response in reference to a difficult life event. Centered in the amygdala portion of the brain which regulates the fight or flight response, a somatic sensation of anxiety occurs in the presence of specific stimuli. The precipitating factor may have been experienced by the person themselves-or may have been experienced secondhand through misfortune that may have occurred to a friend or loved on. In some cases, a phobia may have no discernible cause or may appear irrational-to everyone but the person experiencing it! Phobic reactions or symptoms of anxiety can include: a racing heart, sweaty palms, an upset stomach and a general feeling of unease. Classical conditioning is a response that is triggered by an outside stimulus-or the thought of such stimulus. The perfect example is the Pavlovian response-in which Pavlov would ring a bell before dinnertime and his dogs would salivate. Over time, he extinguished the presence of the food yet kept the ringing of the bell. The dogs still salivated-at the idea of food coming, a basic bodily response to the suggestion of a specific stimulus. This is commonly referred to as a Pavlovian response. Classical conditioning has two components to it-the acquisition stage and the extinction phase. In the acquisition stage, the initial learned response is obtained. For example, in the case of a phobia-a person may break out in a cold sweat presence of crossing a bridge as he drives. In the extinction phase, the bridge may not be present but the memory of it may be present-enough to still cause the phobic reaction. Thus, merely thinking about a stimulus, even when it is extinct, can still bring on the same phobic response. The phobic response, therefore, is strengthened each time it is felt. The stimulus-present or not-extinct or not-become fused together in the persons mind. The phobia sufferer then will go to great lengths to avoid the stimulus at any cost. The phobia then worsens as he avoids facing his fears head on. This is how classical conditioning can increase the intensity of a phobia. Addictions are defined as a persistent behavioral pattern that is marked by physical and/or psychological dependency on someone or something. Addictions became an issue in the treatment milieu when they significantly disrupt the life of the addicted individual. Terminology has become quite complicated. Those individuals from a medical background define addiction from a physiological basis. For example-opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are classical examples of those substances, which cause a physical dependence. On a lesser scale, there are those items that can cause a physiological dependence, as evidenced by changes in the neurotransmitters in the brain-some examples would be over the counter nasal sprays or laxatives. Psychological addictions can be defined within the context of a slippery slope- there are as many addictions as there are specialists to treat them. (Evidence the most recent news of the plethora of celebrities being treated for sex addiction. ) Some examples of area in which psychological addiction may occur include the following-shopping, pornography, eating, exercise and self injury. There is a physiologic reward, however, as the object of the addictive persons attention -akathe reward activates the pleasure enter of the brain-emitting dopamine. Therefore, the addictive behavior is rewarded with a rush of dopamine to the person engaging in the behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to form or shape a behavior. There are three main components relevant to operant conditioning. First, there is the aspect of reinforcement-this basically applies to a consequence that causes the addictive behavior to occur with greater frequency. An example of this would be as follows- An individual is consumed with shopping. They scour the news every day to find out where the sales will be taking place; they belong to a network of people that trade shopping information relevant to their area of interest. Then the day comes and they make the purchase. This act reinforces their addiction with a momentary high (that is usually short lived. ) Second, the aspect of punishment-a consequence that makes an action occur, less frequently-comes into play. When an addictive urge is felt, and the desired object is taken away (i. e. the punishment) the urge to obtain the desired rush still exists-albeit even stronger. The person then works harder to obtain the drug, the act, and the food-whatever the addiction is. In this way, the operant conditioning aspect of punishment reinforces and addiction. Third, there is the element of extinction. Extinction occurs when there is a lack of consequence following a behavior-good or bad. An individual who is wantonly exhibiting a sexual addiction while in a serious relationship-l et’s take that as an example. Without being caught, there is no consequence. The addictive behavior continues unchecked. It is reinforced. I have exemplified the ways in which operant conditioning can develop and maintain addictive behavior. The difference between classical and operant conditioning is as follows: very succinctly put, classical conditioning forms a relationship between two stimuli-for example, one thinks of/or sees a chocolate cake, the salivary glands begin to work! Operant conditioning forms a relationship between a stimuli and a consequence. You touch the stove while its on, you get burnt. Bet you wont do that again-a relationship is formed on the basis of a negative consequence. Conversely, the consequence can also be positive. Example-you do your homework on time and as assigned, you get a good grade, a positive consequence has occurred, which will (hopefully) shape future behaviors. Extinction is achieved through the gradual phasing out of reward in operant conditioning, while hoping to still achieve the same behavior. Example, one has been rewarded with a good driver award after years of possessing a great driving record. With the extinction of this positive consequence (i. e. no reward)-one would hope that the good driving habits would continue. In classical conditioning, I will present an example-if we ring a bell and cause a dog we have a conditioned stimulus-however if we keep ringing that bell without giving the dog any food (an unconditioned stimulus) eventually the dog will unlearn his conditioned response. Extinction has then occurred. In summation, extinction is operant conditioning relates to the phasing out of consequence in classical conditioning it is the phasing out of response.

The Beach Boys :: Art

The Beach Boys The Beach Boys formed in 1961. The band members are; Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson who are all brothers, Al Jardine and Mike Love. All but Al Jardine lived in Los Angelas. They were first called the Pendletones which was a shirt brand , but a record label executive named them the Beach Boys. One of their first big hits was ‘Surfin’ that was credited for starting the ‘surfing craze.’ 1962 they released the album Surfin Safari with the song ‘Surfin Safari’ hitting the U.S Top 40. 1963 ‘Surfin U.S.A’ reached #3 on the charts. ‘Surfer Girl’ ended the the albums surfer cycle. Both the album and single made U.S top 10. Their next two albums, ‘Little Deuce Coupe,’ and ‘Shut Down’, went high on the U.S album charts. Mid 1964 the song ‘I Get Around’ off of the album ‘All Summer Long’ became their first U.S No.1 and their first UK top 10 hit. The year closed with album ‘Beach Boys Concert’ which became their first Us chart topping LP. Brian underwent the first of several nervous breakdowns and withdrew from regular touring for twelve years. He was first replaced by Glenn Campell and then later permanently replaced by Bruce Johnson. A re-recording of ‘Help Me Rhonda’ became the group’s second No.1 hit. ‘California Girls’ almost became a No.1 but never did. Free from touring Brian began to take more time writing and recording a attitude found in the album ‘Beach Boys Party.’ 1966 ‘Pet Sounds’ was one of the finest recorded by the Beach Boys. Off that album the songs: ‘Sloop John B’, ‘God Only Knows’, ‘Wouldn’t it be Nice’, and ‘Caroline, No’ all reached U.S top 40. Then they released their most famous song ‘Good Vibrations’ costing them $50,000. Mid 1967 an abandoned album ‘Smile’ was produced put was still bootlegged. Then produced ‘Smiley Smile’ which was an album which was almost identical as ‘Smile’. Off of ‘Smiley Smile’ the song ‘Heroes & Villains’ made top 20 Their Popularity was declining with the albums ‘Wild Honey’, ‘Friends’ and ‘20/20’ selling fewer and fewer copies and concert crowds thinned. 1968’s ‘Do it again’ was their last U.S Top 20 single for eight more years. 1970 their contract with Capitol Records expired and they then were offered their own record label ‘ Brother Records’ through Warner-Reprise. They produced their first album with the new management called ‘Sunflower’ it was a critical success but a commercial disaster.

Emma by Jane Austen Essay

The comic novel â€Å"Emma† by Jane Austen tells about smooth and roughs of a young lady Emma who is intelligent, but has nothing to do. Actually, the author ironically shows how Emma is trying to change her position in life. Nevertheless, the novel differs fro others Austen’s writings as Emma is financially independent and, therefore, she doesn’t want to marry because of money and better position in society. The author departs from her primary theme as in other works she focuses mostly on the quest for marriage. Therefore, â€Å"Emma† is lighter and more humorous than other writings. Emma is twenty one. She lives with her father who takes too much care of her. Emma’s live is comfortable as she has loving family and money, though she considers her life rather dull and empty. She is presented as determined young lady and throughout the novel we see that she mutedly protests against such life of wealthy lady. She is disappointed as she has no one to love and she is still childless. However, instead of marrying unpleasant man she prefers matchmaking. Firstly, she tries to match her friend Harriet Smith. The novel turns interesting when Frank Churchill arrives with Jane Fairfax. Emma starts thinking that she has to find something to do and to change her dull life. She sees that many young ladies have handsome couple and she tries to fall in love with Frank, but her old friend Mr. Knightly loves her. Harriet thinks that he is in love with her and Emma feels jealousy about that fact. Finally, she understands Mr. Knightly is her true love. When she makes her a proposal to marry him, she agrees. Harriet marries young farmer. Actually, the novel is provided with happy ending. As for me, I enjoy reading Austen’s novels as they raise important theme: to marry a person whom you love or who is wealthy. I think that it is still a matter of debates. Austen’s heroines are vividly shown leading us into new word of adventures, secret engagements and mysteries.

The Is The Teacher Of All Things - 780 Words

Julius Caesar once said â€Å"Experience is the teacher of all things†. This quote holds truth in that through the experiences that I went through, they have all taught me something consequential to prepare me for a veterinary medicine career. From the array of job experiences I worked, they have guided me to learn attributes that prepared me for a career in veterinary medicine. I learned about patience, integrity, and dedication from my interactions with fellow co-workers and people I met through work. Further more, ever since I was young, I worked a lot in the restaurant business due to my parents owning several restaurants. I worked in every position possible from a dishwasher to a waitress. Because I worked in restaurants and other customer service jobs, they helped me to enhance my communication skills with people and ameliorate my introverted personality. The ability to have an effective communication skills with the clients is essential to the success in the veterinary medicine career. Since people can interact differently, I need to have the ability to adapt my communication style to accommodate with the circumstance I am in as well as the person. Also having an effective communication skills and bright personality are important to the workplace amongst co workers as well. Being able to convey properly with coworkers and setting the right atmosphere can move things productively. Not only is communcation needed in a veterinary workplace, but also teamwork is needed. TheShow MoreRelatedImportant Information Registration Click The Image Of Register1618 Words   |  7 PagesTeacher Start Page Important Information Registration Click the image to register. ***The 2015-16 Teacher registration is now available. All teachers: Please register your plan to use this site for the 2015-16 year. 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